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This
book is the result of 20 years of
painstaking research by the author. Its contents are based on
documentation—supported
by more than 800 footnotes—from the 16th century to the
community’s tragic end
in 1942. The history of the Jewish community under Ottoman rule, Serbia, Yugoslavia
and finally the German
occupation and the “Final Solution” is told in
great detail, always based on
documentary evidence.
In
addition, the book contains specific
sections dealing with aspects of the Jewish life: rabbis,
synagogues, cemeteries and funeral
ceremonies, educational institutions, Jewish life in general, and a
complete
list of all Jewish institutions. There is an extensive bibliography and
an
index of names.
The book makes
optimal use of primary sources and
combines archive documents, literary and religious sources with field
work
consisting of questions and interviews. The fact that the author was a
member
of the community enabled her to interview a wide range of persons and
to reach
primary sources that are vanishing.
Belgrade was the first major European city to become
“Judenrein”—free of
Jews. It started in December 1941, before the Wannsee Conference where
the Final
Solution was formally adopted, and, by May, 1942, there were no more
Jews left
in Serbia.
7" x 10" 476 pp. softcover $39.00
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A WORD BY THE AUTHOR IX
TRANSLITERATION / TRANSCRIPTION XIII
INTRODUCTION XV
JEWS IN BELGRADE BEFORE THE OTTOMAN CONQUESTS 1
Ottoman (Turkish) Rule 3
Kendi-Gelens And Sürgüns 4
Ottoman System of Renting (Leasing) 6
FACTS ON JEWS FROM NON-JEWISH SOURCES 8
Travel Literature 8
LITERATURE OF QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (‘RESPONSAE’) 14
JEWISH QUARTER IN BELGRADE 17
Data From Documents On Deserted Wives (Agunot) 19
Discord Between Various Texts and the Facts 22
Last Wills As Sources 24
Infringement of the Right to Privacy 26
Circulation of Promissory Notes 27
RABBIS IN BELGRADE IN THE 17TH CENTURY 29
Rabbi Meir Angel 30
Rabbi Jehuda Lerma 30
Rabbi Simcha Hacohen 31
Emissaries from the Holy Land 33
BELGRADE AND THE MESSIANIC MOVEMENT OF SHABBETAI ZVI 36
Rabbi Joseph Almosnino 38
OCCUPATION OF BELGRADE IN 1688 AND THE FATE OF BELGRADE JEWS 40
Funds for the Redemption of Prisoners 41
Contributions of the Jewish Communities 43
Joseph Ibn-Danon: ‘Three Tendrils of Vine’ 44
Moshe Hacohen: ‘The Writer’s Pen’ 45
Shelomo Munian from Belgrade 50
Nehemiah Hiya Hayon 51
BELGRADE FROM 1690 TO 1739 53
Hans or Courtyards? 55
RABBIS IN THE 18TH CENTURY 59
Rabbis Shemuel Pinto and Yitzhak Bachar-Moshe 59
Rabbi Benjamin Zeev Yaffe Margaliot 59
Rabbis Levy Yitzhak Jerushalmi and Morenu 61
Rabbi Nathan Ginzburg 64
Rabbi Shelomo Salem 64
Rabbi David Pardo 66
Rabbis Azriel Ben Jechiel and Joshua Ben Azriel Magresso 67
Rabbi David Chaim Pinto 68
FIRST SERBIAN UPRISING AND THE JEWS 69
SECOND SERBIAN UPRISING AND THE FIRST REIGN OF PRINCE MILOŠ 72
Rabbi Abraham Ben Yitzhak Pardo 72
PRINCE MILOŠ AND THE JEWS 75
Rabbi Reuben Baruch 78
Rabbi Joseph Ben Yitzhak Finzi 78
‘DEFENDERS OF THE CONSTITUTION’ 80
Accusations of ‘Ritual Murders’ 81
Anti-Jewish Laws 83
Applications, Complaints, Petitions… 84
Treaty of Paris 90
Prince Miloš’ Second Reign 94
Prince Miloš’s Decree 97
After the Death of Prince Miloš 98
ALLIANCE ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE 100
Interventions 101
Rabbi Raphael Joseph Ben Meir Sasson 103
Bombing of Belgrade in 1862 103
Rabbi Jehuda Zeev Weinberger 105
AFTER THE RETURN OF THE REFUGEES 108
‘Svetovid’ Incites Against The Jews 112
Violation of the ‘Capitulations’ 113
Murders In Šabac 115
Attempts of Emigration to Eretz Israel 120
Attacks of the Belgrade Press 123
Consuls’ Interventions 125
Pamphlet by Dr. Michael Rosen 126
Jews Become Subject to Military Conscription 131
Treatment of Foreign Subjects 132
Expulsions from the Provinces in 1876–1878 134
Peace Agreement of March 1st, 1877 135
Second Serbian-Turkish War 135
Persecutions Continue 136
In the ‘Newly Acquired Regions’ 136
QUESTION OF SERBIA’S INDEPENDENCE AT THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN IN JUNE 1878 138
From The Congress of Berlin Until the 1888 Constitution: Implementation of the Congress Decisions 141
Jews of Belgrade Assist Refugees from Russia 144
Physicians and the Jewish Question 144
Anti-Jewish Literature 147
SUBSTITUTE RABBIS AND RABBIS UNTIL THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 151
Jacob Ben Shalom Kalderon: 151
Abraham Ben Jacob Eliah 152
Moshe ben David Alkalay 152
Abraham ben Israel Bejerano 153
Benjamin Hamoy 153
Rabbi Dr. Shelomo Mandelkern 154
Rabbi Dr. Shimon Bernfeld 155
JEWS IN POLITICS 158
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA 1893–1900 163
GENERAL NUMBER OF THOSE ABLE TO READ AND WRITE 164
SEPHARDIM AND ASHKENAZIM 166
RABBINICAL SYNOD AND THE CHIEF RABBI 177
Orthodox Communities 178
JEWS IN SERBIA’S WARS 185
Balkan Wars 185
World War I - 1914–1918 186
RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY OF THE SEPHARDI RITE 191
RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY OF THE ASHKENAZI RITE 202
JEWISH MATRIMONIAL LAW 205
Ketubah – The Marriage Contract 206
Divorce (Hebrew: Get) 211
ZIONISM 213
Balfour Declaration – November 2, 1917 213
SYNAGOGUES IN BELGRADE 217
The Old Synagogue – ‘El Kal Vjezho’ – Stara Sinagoga 218
New Synagogue – ‘El Kal Nuevo’ 220
Jewish Centre and Synagogue ‘Bet Israel’ 224
Prayer-House in the Fišeklija 227
Ashkenazi Synagogue 229
Mikve – Ritual Bath 233
CEMETERIES AND FUNERAL CUSTOMS 235
Chevra Kadisha 235
Cemeteries in Belgrade 238
Closing of the Old and Opening of the New Cemetery 245
Monument to the Jews Fallen In the Wars of Liberation and Unification 249
Abolition of Street Funerals 249
New Chapel in the Jewish Cemetery in Belgrade 250
Ashkenazi Cemetery And The Chevra Kadisha 251
Genizah 252
Jewish Cemetery in Belgrade Today 254
EDUCATION 256
Talmud Torah 256
Meldar / Heder 257
How the Hebrew Alef-Bet Was Taught in the Meldars 258
Education Shortly Before World War Ii 267
Numerus Clausus in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, October 5, 1940 268
Decree on the Admission to Schools of Persons 0f Jewish Origin 268
Application of the Numerus Clausus in Secondary Schools 273
Decree on the Admission to Universities of Persons of Jewish Origin 277
Act of the Ministry of Education No. 1323/40, October 8th, 1940 277
THE FINAL SOLUTION IN BELGRADE 281
Beginning of the End 281
Establishment of the Military Occupation Authority and the ‘Einsatzstab Rosenberg’ 282
Department For Jewish Questions at the Gestapo 284
(The Judenreferat) and Stages of the Final Solution of the Jewish Question in Occupied Serbia 284
Civil Authority and the Collaborators 285
Number of Jews in Belgrade in 1941 289
Belgrade Conference 290
Jews as Collaborators of the Occupying Power 292
Order of the Military Commander of Serbia 293
Census of Jewish Property 297
Forced Labour 298
Smederevo 299
Representation of the Jewish Community in Belgrade 301
Jewish Sanitary Service in Belgrade 303
‘The First Hundred’ 304
Banat Jews 305
Banjica Camp – ‘Reception Camp Dedinje’ 305
Topovske Šupe Camp 307
Killing of Hostages in Belgrade 309
Kladovo–Šabac Transport 310
'Bloody March' Of Šabac 312
Report on the Shooting of Jews on October 9th and 11th, 1941 314
100 Men In 40 Minutes 316
‘Anti-Masonic Exhibition’ 320
Fair Grounds (Sajmište) - ‘Judenlager Semlin’ 321
Mobile Gas Chamber – 'Dušegupka' (‘Souls Slaughterer’) 325
‘Keine Judenfrage Mehr!’ 329
Plans for the Extradition of Jewish Prisoners Of War 329
Prohibition on the Hiding of Jews 331
Plunder of Property 332
‘Blobel-Commando’ 333
Remainders of Belgrade Jewry 334
Marking of Memorial Objects 337
War Criminals 339
APPENDICES
SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS OF BELGRADE JEWRY 345
List of Other Societies, Associations and Unions Active Among the Jews of Belgrade 364
JEWISH BOOKS PRINTED IN BELGRADE 1837–1905 365
Copyrights and Approvals 366
Proofreadres, Typesetters, Printers 367
Lists of 'Volunteers' 368
Kinds of Books and Their Contents 369
Authors from Belgrade and the Area Whose Books Were Printed in Belgrade 369
List of Books 370
NAMES OF BELGRADE JEWS 375
Family Names of the Belgrade Jews 378
JALIJA AND DOR?OL 382
JEWISH QUARTERS AND THEIR INHABITANTS AT THE END OF 19TH CENTURY BY SOLOMON L. MOŠI? 383
JALIJA ON THE DANUBE BY LAWYER DAVID-DA?A A. ALKALAY 391
FIŠEKLIJA 394
NOTES 397
BIBLIOGRAPHY 426
Abbreviations 426
Bibliography 429
INDEX 441
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