From A Dictionary of Ashkenazic Given Names:
Their Origins, Structure, Pronunciation and Migrations
by Alexander Beider
Contents
Acknowledgments xi
Preface xiii
Glossary xvi
Special Symbols Used xxi
Introduction xxii
0.1 Previous Studies of Jewish Given Names xxii
0.2 Problems with Sources xxiv
0.3 Distinction Between Given Names and Nicknames xxvi
0.4 Stylistic Classes of Given Names (Synchronic Analysis) xxviii
0.5 Diachronic Analysis: How Names Change Over Time xxix
0.5.1 Definitions xxix
0.5.2 Initial Development of Names xxx
0.5.2.1 Principal Classification xxx
0.5.2.2 Classification by Language xxxii
0.5.2.3 Classification by How- Question xxxiv
0.5.3 Derivations of Names xxxiv
0.5.4 Variation of Names xxxvi
0.5.5 Joining of Names xxxix
0.5.6 Survival and Disappearance of Names xl
Chapter 1: Given Names In the Ashkenazic Tradition 1
1.1 Shemot Ha-Qodesh and Kinnuim 1
1.2 Several Names Borne by the Same Individual 1
1.2.1 Oldest Ashkenazic Occurrences of Several Names Designating the Same Person 1
1.2.2 Correspondences Between Shemot Ha-qodesh and Kinnuim 4
1.2.3 Use of Two Independent Names 7
1.2.4 Persons with More Than Two Given Names 10
1.3 Survival and Disappearance of Names 12
1.4 Most Common Names 16
Chapter 2: Initial Development of Names 19
2.1 Calques and Loan Translations 19
2.2 Christian Forms of Biblical Names 25
2.3 Phonetic Borrowing of Non-Jewish Names 27
2.4 Plain Borrowing 29
2.4.1 Medieval Germany 29
2.4.2 Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia 32
2.4.3 Poland 33
2.4.4 Russian Principalities and Grand Duchy of Lithuania 34
2.5 Plain Creations 35
2.6 Distinction Between Various Groups of Base Names 37
2.7 Creation of Feminine Forms from Masculine Names 39
2.8 Names Borrowed from Sacred Texts 43
Chapter 3: Creation of Hypocoristic and Pet Forms 45
3.1 Forms with Suffixes 45
3.1.1 Suffix -et/ette/etta 46
3.1.2 Suffix -in 47
3.1.3 Suffix -(e)lin/lein 49
3.1.3.1 Suffix -(e)lin/lein in German-speaking countries before the Black Death 49
3.1.3.2 Suffix -lin/lein/len in German-speaking countries after the Black Death 51
3.1.3.3 Suffix -lin/lein in Central and Eastern Europe 52
3.1.4 Suffix -li 54
3.1.5 Suffix -(e)l 54
3.1.5.1 Suffix -(e)l in German-speaking countries before the Black Death 54
3.1.5.2 Suffix -(e)l in German-speaking countries after the Black Death 56
3.1.5.3 Suffix -(e)l in Central Europe 58
3.1.5.4 Suffix -l in Eastern Europe Before 17th Century 59
3.1.5.5 Suffix -l in Eastern Europe in Modern Times 60
3.1.6 Suffixes -le and -la 61
3.1.7 Slavic Suffixes with /l/ 62
3.1.8 Suffixes -khe(n) and -ke(n) 63
3.1.9 Suffixes with /sh/ and /s/ 66
3.1.9.1 Middle Ages 66
3.1.9.2 After the Middle Ages 67
3.1.9.3 Suffix -zye 69
3.1.10 Suffixes with /k/ 69
3.1.10.1 Central Europe 69
3.1.10.2 Poland 71
3.1.10.3 Lithuania, Belorussia and Ukraine 73
3.1.10.4 The Origins of the Yiddish Suffix -ke 75
3.1.11 Suffixes -khna/khno/khne and -khe 77
3.1.12 Suffixes with /ts/ and /tsh/ 79
3.1.12.1 Germany 79
3.1.12.2 Slavic Countries 80
3.1.13 Suffixes with /n/ 82
3.1.14 Suffix -uta/ute 83
3.1.15 Suffix -e 83
3.1.16 Rare non-Slavic suffixes 86
3.1.17 Two Hypocoristic Suffixes in One Name 86
3.1.18 Influence of the Morphological and Phonetic Structure of the Full Form 88
3.1.19 Synthesis 88
3.2 Hypocorisms with Added Words 89
3.2.1 Names Ending in -kind 89
3.2.2 The Names Ending in -man 90
3.2.3 Germanic Adjectives as Second Parts of Compound Names 91
3.3 Suffixless Hypocoristic Forms 93
3.3.1 Truncation of Initial Elements (Aphaeresis) 93
3.3.2 Truncation of Final Elements (Apocope) 94
3.3.3 Truncation of Internal Elements (Syncope) 95
3.3.4 Duplication of the Initial Consonant 95
3.3.5 Umlaut 95
3.3.6 Palatalization of Consonants 96
3.3.7 Transformation of Diphthongs to Monophthongs 97
3.4 Borrowed Derivations 97
3.5 Creation of an Acronym 98
Chapter 4: Phonetic Changes 99
4.1 Sources for Phonetic Analysis 99
4.2 Unstressed Vowels and Diphthongs 100
4.2.1 Reduction of the Unstressed Vowels and Diphthongs 100
4.2.2 Elimination of the Final Vowel (Apocope) 102
4.2.3 Elimination of the Unstressed Initial Vowels (Aphaeresis) 104
4.2.4 Elimination of the Unstressed Internal Vowels (Syncope) 104
4.3 Stressed Vowels and Diphthongs 105
4.3.1 Early Scheme of Yiddish Protovowels 105
4.3.2 Protovowels 11, 21 and 41 106
4.3.3 Protovowels 31, 32 and 33 107
4.3.4 Protovowels 12 and 13 108
4.3.4.1 Names with the Protovowel 12 108
4.3.4.2 Shift a(12) > o(12) 108
4.3.4.3 Shift a(13) > o(13) 110
4.3.4.4 Shift /o/ > /u/ for the Protovowels 12 and 13 113
4.3.5 Protovowels 51, 52 and 53 114
4.3.6 Protovowels 22 and 23 115
4.3.6.1 General Considerations 115
4.3.6.2 Shift /e:/ > /ey/ 116
4.3.6.3 Shift /ey/ > /ay/ 117
4.3.7 Protovowels 42 and 43 118
4.3.7.1 Diphthongization 118
4.3.7.2 Case /ey/ in Northeastern Yiddish 119
4.3.7.3 Specific Variants of Biblical Names 119
4.3.8 Protovowel 54 121
4.3.9 Protovowel 34 122
4.3.10 Protovowel 24 123
4.3.11 Protovowel 44 124
4.3.12 Protovowel 25 125
4.3.13 Protovowels 21, 31 and 51 before /r/ and /kh/ 126
4.3.14 Monophthongization 127
4.3.15 Change /o/ > /u/ in the Rhineland 127
4.4 Consonants 128
4.4.1 Devoicing of Plosive Consonants in Initial and Medial Position 128
4.4.2 Final Devoicing 129
4.4.3 Shift /s/ > /ts/ 131
4.4.4 Shift /v/ > /f/ 132
4.4.5 Confusion between he and het, the Disappearance and the Introduction of /h/ 133
4.4.5.1 Western Europe 133
4.4.5.2 Peculiarities of German Spelling and Phonetics 135
4.4.5.3 Ukraine 135
4.4.6 Confusion between /k/ and /kh/ 135
4.4.7 Confusion between /b/ and /v/, /p/ and /f/ 136
4.4.8 Sabesdiker Losn 138
4.4.9 Confusion between Nasals 139
4.4.10 Regressive Assimilation and Contraction of Consonantal Clusters 140
4.4.11 Epenthesis 141
4.4.12 Confusion between Liquids 142
4.4.13 Slavic Influences 142
4.5 Whole Hebrew and Merged Hebrew 143
Chapter 5: Origin of Ashkenazic Communities 146
5.1 Methodological Principles 146
5.1.1 Classification of Communities 146
5.1.2 Diagnostic Names 147
5.2 West Germany and Alsace (11th-14th Centuries) 148
5.2.1 General Considerations 148
5.2.2 French, Italian and Spanish Immigrants in Germany 149
5.2.3 Oriental Jews in West Germany 154
5.2.4 Names That Appeared in West Germany 158
5.2.5 Rhineland, Franconia and Bavaria: Common or Independent Origins - 160
5.3 Central Europe 165
5.3.1 Bohemia and Moravia in the Middle Ages 165
5.3.2 Ashkenazic Jews in Czech Provinces 167
5.3.3 Silesia 168
5.3.4 East Germany 169
5.3.5 Austria 172
5.3.6 Hungary Before the Late 16th Century 176
5.4 Great Poland, Little Poland and Mazovia 177
5.5 Ruthenia 181
5.5.1 Before the 16th Century 181
5.5.2 End of the 16th Century - First Half of the 17th Century 182
5.6 Russian Principalities and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 183
5.6.1 Before 1495 183
5.6.2 16th Century and the First Half of the 17th Century 186
5.6.3 Brest and Grodno in the 16th Century 190
5.6.4 Origins of the Slavic-speaking Jews 194
5.6.5 Origins of the Yiddish-speaking Jews 195
5.6.6 Homogenization of the Corpus of Names in the Late 16th to the Early 17th Century 197
5.7 Conclusion 198
5.7.1 Loter and Ashkenaz 198
5.7.2 West Canaan 199
5.7.3 Fusion of Ashkenaz and West Canaan 200
5.7.4 East Canaan 201
5.7.5 Synthesis 202
Appendix A: Principal Sources 204
A.1. German Provinces 204
A.1.1 Salfeld (1898) 204
A.1.2 Hoeniger (1888) 205
A.1.3 Stern (1894) 205
A.1.4 Kracauer (1914) 205
A.1.5 Oldest References to the Ashkenazic Jews 205
A.1.6 Cemeteries of Worms, Mainz and Speyer 206
A.1.7 Horovitz (1901) 206
A.1.8 Grunwald (1904) 206
A.1.9 Germania Judaica 2 and 3 (GJ 2 and GJ 3) 207
A.1.10 Miedel (1909) 208
A.1.11 Süssmann (1915) 208
A.1.12 Freudenthal (1928) 208
A.1.13 Modern Compilations of Sources from Hessen 208
A.2 Alsace and Switzerland 208
A.2.1 Mentgen (1995) 208
A.2.2 Steinberg (1903) 208
A.2.3 Leeson (1993) 209
A.3 Austria and Hungary 209
A.3.1 Goldmann (1908), Schwarz (1909) and Geyer (1931) 209
A.3.2 Wachstein (1912) 209
A.3.3 Liber Judeorum of Wiener Neustadt 209
A.3.4 Spitzer (1974) 209
A.3.5 Magyar-Zsido okleveltar 210
A.3.6 Scheiber (1983) 210
A.4 Amsterdam 210
A.4.1 Van Straten (1996) 210
A.5 Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia 210
A.5.1 Bondy (1906) 210
A.5.2 Bretholz (1935) 211
A.5.3 Hock (1892) 211
A.5.4 Muneles (1988) 211
A.5.5 Brann (1896) 211
A.5.6 Wodzinski (1996) 211
A.6 Eastern Europe 211
A.6.1 Russko-yevrejskij arkhiv (REA) and Regesty i nadpisi (RN) 211
A.6.2 Historical Studies by M.Balaban and I.Schipper 215
A.6.3 PCLL and Halperin 1945 216
A.6.4 Post-war Studies on the History of the Polish Jews 216
A.6.5 Name Lists 217
A.6.6 Official Documents from the 19th Century and the Start of the 20th Century 218
A.6.7 Yiddish literature 218
A.6.8 Family Names 218
Appendix B: Double Given Names in Northeastern Poland 219
Appendix C: Most Popular Given Names 222
Appendix D: Transliteration Rules 226
Appendix E: Provinces and Regions Cited 229
Bibliography 231
1. Encyclopaedias 231
2. General History 231
3. Sources and Collections of Sources 233
4. Linguistics 237
5. Onomastics 239
Dictionary of Ashkenazic Given Names 242
How to Use This Dictionary 243
Cities and Towns Cited in the Dictionary 257
Dictionary of Ashkenazic Masculine Names 258
Dictionary of Ashkenazic Feminine Names 460
Description of Indexes 595
List of Masculine Name Variants and Derived Forms 596
List of Feminine Name Variants and Derived Forms 608
Index to Masculine Names in the References 618
Names in Latin characters 618
Names in Cyrillic characters 636
Names in Hebrew characters 641
Index to Feminine Names in the References 646
Names in Latin characters 646
Names in Cyrillic characters 657
Names in Hebrew characters 660
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